International Expansion Strategy for BNP Paribas

Presentation The BNP Paribas bunch is a market head in the financial business with activities in more than 75 nations. It has a solid nearness in Europe, Asia, and North America, where it gives speculation, business, corporate, and retail banking administrations. Retail banking covers direct financial administrations, for example, credit offices and home loans stretched out to individual customers.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on International Expansion Strategy for BNP Paribas explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason for this report is to suggest a global extension procedure for BNP Paribas. The report breaks down the full scale ecological attributes of the Singaporean market, accessible chances and dangers, and BNP’s qualities and shortcomings in regard to its global development methodology. Potential Target Market The Singaporean retail banking market has seen a quickened development in the course of recent years. The quickened de velopment is anticipated to arrive at an estimation of $297bn by 2019 (MarketLine 2015). From 2010 and 2014, the market developed to an estimation of $228bn, averaging a yearly development pace of about 8%, which is higher than that of South Korea (MarketLine 2015). The noteworthy development rate has made the Singaporean retail banking market exceptionally serious in the Asia-Pacific region. The key fragments driving the Singaporean retail banking market incorporate home loan and client credit. In 2014, contracts were esteemed at $168bn, which was identical to 74% of the market (MarketLine 2015). Interestingly, the credit portion was worth roughly $60bn, a likeness 26% of the market. In this view, BNP Paribas can use on its market head position in retail banking to extend its home loan and purchaser credit administrations to the Singaporean market. Large scale natural Characteristics of the Market Macro-ecological qualities incorporate the outer components that are not under the immediate control of a firm. In this report, the PESTLE structure will be utilized as a model for breaking down the full scale ecological attributes of the Singaporean retail banking market. Political Singapore appreciates a moderately steady political and administration scene. The country’s skilled initiative has supported serious capacities in numerous areas, especially the assembling business. Singapore’s severe anticorruption strategy has seen it being appraised among the best five nations with the least debasement record globally.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More thus, there has been an expanded progression of remote direct ventures into the nation in ongoing years. Singapore has a flourishing financial part with solid liquidity levels. As per MarketLine (2015), the country’s administrative body, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) , requires level 1 banks to keep up â€Å"capital proportions of above 9.0† (para. 8). Moreover, the authority expects banks to watch the Base III capital guidelines on capital sufficiency. Under this worldwide administrative system, banks must keep up a required â€Å"common value proportion of 4.5%† to work in Singapore (MarketLine 2015, para. 12). The exacting guidelines have guaranteed that banks keep up a high liquidity in any event, when money surges are rising. Singapore has severe business guidelines that manage outside firms going into its market. Any remote firm is required to enlist as a constrained organization before being permitted to work in Singapore. Besides, guidelines instituted in 2007 specify that any private constrained organization must document yearly comes back with the country’s annual duty division (MarketLine 2013). In this way, outside organizations working in Singapore can't keep their money related records secret. Financial Singapo rean economy depends on exchange and assembling. It has a business-accommodating condition that pulls in gigantic outside direct speculation inflows. The economy endured the 2009 downturn to develop at a yearly pace of 14.7% in 2010 (MarketLine 2013). In any case, in 2011, the monetary development eased back to a low of 5.1% because of the budgetary emergency experienced in the EU. The defenselessness of the Singaporean economy to outer stuns is because of its receptiveness to worldwide firms and investors. The nation positions third all around in per-capita GDP and has a moderately low assessment system (MarketLine 2015). The low assessment rates make Singapore an alluring outside venture goal. Singapore stands apart as a money related center in the Asia-Pacific area. More than 123 banks work in the Singaporean economy with 117 of them being outside (MarketLine 2015). In general, the country’s monetary scene is profoundly alluring to remote speculation. Social Singapore po sitions high as far as education levels globally. The Singaporean government’s consumption on training establishes 3% of the country’s GDP with a great part of the assets going to rudimentary and auxiliary instruction (MarketLine 2013). In advanced education, Singaporean foundations highlight among the best 20 colleges in the Asia-Pacific region.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on International Expansion Strategy for BNP Paribas explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Singapore’s populace comprises of an unbalanced number of the older. The high number of old populace is brought about by the country’s low birthrate of 10.8 births per 1,000 people (MarketLine 2013). The developing older populace combined with the low birth rate will introduce monetary and financial difficulties to the legislature later on. The joblessness rate remains at 1.8%, down from 2.2% in 2010 (MarketLine 2015). The low joblessness rate is because of the continued monetary development in the nation. Innovation Singapore’s innovation scene is described by a high portable entrance of 156.6 per 100 people (MarketLine 2015). The government’s ‘iN 2015 strategy’ means to change Singapore into an innovation center point. Under this arrangement, the administration intends to support different projects outfitted towards animating the reception of innovations, for example, e-wellbeing in the nation. In 2012, Singapore score on protected innovations remained at 152.5 licenses per million individuals, which was higher than that of France (82.5). Singapore has likewise put resources into ‘e-learning’ and e-government to give the imperative foundation to mechanical advancement. Lawful Singapore’s lawful condition is described by a low expense system and severe guidelines. As per MarketLine (2015), the country’s corporate assessment, which remains at a pace of 17%, is among the most reduced in the Asia-Pacific district. The legislature diminished the corporate duty by a rate point to 17% in 2009, making it among the most minimal in the locale. The administration has likewise diminished the span it takes to enroll a business. It takes three days to enroll another organization contrasted with a normal of 12 days it takes in other OECD countries (MarketLine 2015). Also, in the Asia-Pacific area, it takes a normal of three weeks to begin another business. In this manner, Singapore’s lawful condition is ideal for the development of business and industry. Condition Singapore’s condition strategy centers around vitality productivity. The nation embraced to improve its â€Å"energy effectiveness by 35% and reusing by 70%† continuously 2030 (MarketLine 2015). Singapore’s endeavors to expand vitality effectiveness will decrease the expense of working together in the nation. In any case, the nation faces numerous ecological difficulties in light of the f act that the vast majority of its territory mass lies close to the ocean level. Along these lines, its waterfront territories are powerless against the impacts of rising ocean level on account of its long coastline. The Key Strategic Issues BNP’s solid situation in its market portions is a wellspring of upper hand. Be that as it may, to be fruitful in the retail banking market in Singapore, the BNP Paribas bunch must use on its upper hands and qualities to make the most of the market openings and business dangers or difficulties that portray the outer environment.Advertising Searching for report on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Openings Mobile Payment Systems The Singaporean individual money and versatile installment frameworks are key subsectors that offer open doors for development. BNP can wander into these two territories to expand its infiltration into this market. In 2007, BNP propelled a â€Å"mobile contactless installment system† in association with MasterCard (BNP Paribas 2015, para. 7). The multi-administrator versatile arrangement, called Payez Mobile, brings retail banking administrations closer to the clients. BNP can benefit from Singapore’s high versatile entrance, as of now evaluated to be 156.6 per 100 individuals, to infiltrate the retail banking market. Mobile arrangements, for example, Payez Mobile, that permit clients to deal with their exchanges can give the BNP a key bit of leeway. Such arrangements can build the firm’s perceivability in the retail banking market by permitting clients to pull back or store assets in their records through their cell phones. A co ordinated portable arrangement that empowers clients to execute across various administrators is another way BNP can enter and develop in the Singaporean retail banking market. Individual Finance Personal fund is loaded with development open doors for new participants. BNP as of now has an individual money division that was begun in 2007 in organization with the UCB bank (BNP Paribas 2015). The BNP individual fund has a decent potential for success of taking advantage of the open doors accessible in Singapore’s retail banking segment. Through the individual fina

Organizational Challenges in the 21st Century

Presentation In light with the improvements of the 21st century, the business world has been in the core of the transformations. The key ideas of innovation, advancements of business sectors and globalization have truly changed the world. Because of these changes, expanded action in the business and mechanical segments has been witnessed.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Organizational Challenges in the 21st Century explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world is by and by working as one town, whereby individuals can impart productively and helpfully with each other. This has been encouraged by the development of PC and web innovation. The development of air transport has additionally been of critical impact to the upgrade of transport. With these turns of events, correspondence and transport have been increased consequently upgrading worldwide relations regarding business and different exercises. By and by, the development of globalization h as not come separately, whereby it has been related with different constraints. For this situation, the issue of worldwide downturn is a factor of globalization, whereby countries straightforwardly rely upon each other for business. This is not normal for years, whereby countries worked freely. Concerning the rise of worldwide downturn, which alludes to worldwide financial stoppage, business associations are committed to attempt the most serious authority methodologies in order to counter the circumstance. This is in light of the lost business and the lessening market probability. As supported by Northouse (2007: 101), business associations have been essentially affected by the issue of worldwide downturn. This alludes to a time of worldwide financial log jam or down turn, whereby countries experience constrained monetary development paces of 3% of less. Blend of this circumstance with the mind-boggling rivalry in the universal markets, business associations think that its difficult to endure. The circumstance must be countered by reception of the most proficient authority styles. A genuine model is Nokia which has in the ongoing confronted it unpleasant in the innovation and cell phone industry. The difficulties confronting the organization depend on the issue of worldwide downturn and development of rivalry in the business it is working in (Isaksen and Tidd 2006: 102). In response to the circumstance, the organization is compelled to embrace the most serious and administration strategies in order to beat the challenges.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An examination by Kotter (1996: 68) showed that great initiative is the main answer for the difficulties looked by business in the stature of worldwide downturn among different difficulties like expanded rivalry. For this situation, transformational authority has been featured as the most pr oper administration approach for associations as of late. Transformational administration has been characterized as a type of initiative style whereby pioneers and their devotees adjust themselves to higher good and persuasive levels (Fisher and Ury 1992: 29). This is accomplished through affecting dreams and character among all people in the associations. With respect to this initiative style, pioneers have the commitment of rousing their supporters to change their discernments and desires. With the difficulties of worldwide downturn, this administration style stands to be exceptionally productive as in it will get each individual the association into center and change in accordance with the overall circumstance. A point worth of thought is that this authority style requests pioneers to propel workers towards achieving a shared objective (Weinstein et al 2004: 71). By so doing, the difficulties confronting the business will be countered. Cherry (2011: 1) showed that transformationa l authority style is guided by different segments which makes it effective in countering business challenges. Right off the bat, the idea of scholarly incitement is exceptionally grasped in this initiative methodology. For this situation, the pioneers don't just shake things up, yet in addition impart inventiveness among the representatives. Programmer and Roberts (2003: 45) delineated that pioneers ought to urge supporters to be creative and get things done in new manners in this manner abusing accessible chances. On account of Nokia the organization has in the ongoing been in its undertakings to mentally animate its representatives. This is a proficient methodology in countering the financial log jam, whereby new techniques of working together just as items will be accomplished. The idea of individualized thought is likewise tended to in this authority style. For this situation, pioneers should offer consolation and backing to all people inside the associations. A point worth of t hought is that pioneers should cultivate strong connections through open correspondence, where adherents are allowed to share and look for thoughts (Bass and Riggio 2006: 78). By attempted these methodologies, associations will have the option to get one of a kind thoughts and commitments from their adherents. Pursue et al (2001: 49) portrayed that pioneers in the contemporary society should offer uplifting inspiration to their representatives. This is obtained through the arrangement of a reasonable vision which will help in directing the supporters. By moving the supporters, pioneers will assist their adherents with experiencing same inspiration and enthusiasm which will help in understanding the shared objective. Another center segment of transformational authority is the issue of romanticized influence.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Organizational Challenges in the 21st Century explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yukl (2001: 93) conten ded that pioneers ought to be a good example to their supporters. This idea can not be excluded from authority in the contemporary society based the various difficulties looked by organizations. Schein (1992: 62) noticed that adherents regard and trust their pioneers and they will basically imitate them. In view of this, business associations will have the option to defeat the difficulties they are looking in the tallness of worldwide downturn. Worldwide downturn is prompting loss of business thus requiring the selection of best authority techniques. Close by the reception of transformational initiative style, the idea of all out quality administration (TQM) can not be absolved from authoritative administration as of late. As substantiated by Hakes (2001: 22) the issue of value and item administration has been recognized as key parts of achievement. In view of this, business associations are committed to guarantee that their items and administrations are of the best quality in the m arket. Each business association should keep a watch of the items and administrations of its rivals (Wilson 2005: 102). The idea of TQM fundamentally alludes to a methodology of the executives which involves on overseeing whole association in order to create quality products and ventures. On account of cell phone industry, nature of the items has been critical. For this situation, each organization is looking to improve its administrations and items. Amidst worldwide downturn, Nokia is committed to guarantee ideal nature of its items (Bass and Riggio 2006: 78). In view of this situation, the appropriation of TQM is unavoidable for the achievement of Nokia during this time of financial lull. Pekar (2005: 42) laid out that representative contribution in the running of an associations as of late is inescapable. Worker association is a key component of TQM, whereby they can forestall issues before they happen. Associations are likewise committed to concentrate on their clients in order to decide the real needs and needs of the clients. This will assist an association with offering quality items and administrations which address the issues of clients. On account of Nokia, the requirement for Smartphone has been a mind-boggling market pattern as of late. All together for the organization to understand its fantasies and counter the market difficulties it has no commitment of embracing the market requests. This is a piece of TQM, whereby the company’s activities and item details are directed by the market requests (Pekar 2005: 42).Advertising Searching for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The idea of benchmarking is likewise a key administration and business the executives approach that can not be down looked. As saw by Hakes (2001: 22) benchmarking is a component of TQM in which an association searches out different associations it is working with. An association utilizes the items and administrations of different organizations as its benchmark or standard, along these lines having the option to pass judgment on its presentation. It is additionally important that associations are required to adjust just as improve forms received by different associations. This will assist an association with attaining the high caliber and proficient items, in this manner having the option to win the market. Directly, TQM has end up being a proficient authority and the executives approach which has helped numerous organizations to suffer advertise greatness (Hakes 2001: 22). End In thought with the conversation and investigation of the business condition in the 21st century, it has be en obviously clear that business associations are confronted with various difficulties. The issues of worldwide downturn and expanded rivalry in the corporate world have been overpowering as of late. In light of these difficulties, business associations are committed to receive the most proficient initiative styles. For this situation, the ideas f transformational administration and TQM have been featured as the most reasonable for business associations as of late. This will help business association to be effective and enduring in offering the best items and administrations. F

Facebook Privacy Whats that

Facebook Privacy Whats that I  cant even see it. In a Facebook chat with a friend of mine, we were discussing his college-aged daughter’s posts to her Facebook profile. I won’t share the details, but let’s say what she was writing could easily prevent her from being hired if a prospective employer were to see it. I commented to my friend that if his daughter ever wanted to look for a job, she had better delete all those postings. “But her profile is private,” he replied. “I can’t even see it.” As many people are aware, it has become common practice for hiring companies to view candidates’ LinkedIn and Facebook pages if they are available. This fact causes little concern for most people, since they believe they can keep their profiles, especially on Facebook, private. A private profile is safe from public scrutiny, right? Wrong. According to a Mesh Report article entitled Job Seekers Getting Asked for Facebook Passwords, nothing could be farther from the truth. In actuality, if you are a job seeker you have essentially given up your right to privacy. How employers mess with your privacy First of all, a company might use a third party application such as BeKnown that can often gain access to your profile. You would be surprised how often companies use this tactic. And job seekers might not be aware that when they log in to a company’s website using their Facebook profile, they are likely giving that company full permission to snoop. Additionally, not long ago both private companies and government agencies began requesting Facebook login information from candidates. Receiving quite a bit of pushback, some of these organizations have modified their requirement, now demanding during interviews that candidates log in to their own Facebook accounts in order to reveal what they contain. Other organizations require candidates to “friend” the hiring manager or other company figurehead so that their profile can be viewed. One job seeker interviewed by Mesh withdrew his application when asked for his login information. But as requests for social media access become more and more common, many candidates feel that they can’t afford to refuse. Privacy rights anyone? One George Washington University law professor says this practice is “an egregious privacy violation.” I tend to agree, and I am encouraged that Illinois and Maryland have legislation in the works that would make it illegal for public agencies to demand access to candidate’s social media profiles. (Police departments are some of the most active seekers of Facebook login information.) Whether or not this practice is made illegal for public agencies, it seems private companies will be able to invade candidates’ privacy all they want. If you feel strongly enough that this practice violates your rights, and if you can afford to refuse the request, go ahead. But as the practice becomes more widespread, it might become impractical to do so. Interestingly, it is against the terms of service at Facebook to share login information. But according to the Mesh Report, the Department of Justice will not be prosecuting any employers for their practices despite the fact that it is a federal crime to enter a social networking site in violation of the terms of service. What will you do about it? Perhaps the best thing job seekers can do for now is to make sure to rid their profile of any risqué, drunken or other unprofessional pictures; keep their posts clean and sane; and refrain from making disparaging online remarks about anyone, especially past employers. It seems the practice of coercing job applicants to reveal their social media profiles, albeit masquerading as encouraging them to “volunteer” this information, is not going away without a fight. If you are a job seeker, prepare to be asked to shareâ€"or if you can afford it, perhaps you can fight back! How do you plan to respond if a prospective employer asks you for access to your social media profiles? I’d love to hear your comments below.

Kudler Communications Plan - 1628 Words

Kudler Communications Plan Kudler Communications Plan Given the competitive nature of business, it is no longer enough to rely on one form of marketing communication. There are several options such as social networking sites, on health magazines, and other publications that target health-conscious diet, which fall under personal and non-personal communications depending on the message and mode. All these options and more are evaluated below to arrive at a feasible and the most effective marketing communication strategy. Marketing Communication Factors An effective marketing communications plan is necessary for the success of the new Kudler location in Newport Beach. The success of this new location will be partially†¦show more content†¦Media Plan The success of the Newport Beach launch requires a sound and efficient media plan that uses the best mix of communication channels. â€Å"Personal and non-personal communication channels should be combined for maximum impact† (Kotler Keller, 2007, p. 290). Advertising, sales promotion, event coordination, public relations promotional activity, and direct marketing are modes of communication that Kudler can take advantage of during the Newport Beach launch. The communications model is an approach that targets various psychological stages customers’ experience. Cognitive, affective, and behavior stages of psychology are important indicators of the direction of communication needed for campaign success (Kotler Keller, 2007). Secur ing the brand and experience Kudler brings to the community requires most effective and efficient modes of communication to inform potential customers (Kotler Keller, 2007). The goal of effective and efficient communication requires knowledge of the target audience when developing the specific media mix that works best for Kudler. Coordinating a community event to promote the company and Kudler values is both cost-efficient and effective. A farmer’s market and meet festival the weekend before the grand opening could generate community support and interest in Kudler Fine Foods. Combined with public relations efforts, events can provide a positive image to potential consumers. StoryShow MoreRelatedCommunication Plan Kudler Fine Foods1312 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Plan Team B University of Phoenix MKT/571: Marketing Kudler Fine Foods has decided to launch a product in both domestic and international markets. Kudler Fine Foods has determined that expanding their markets will allow domestic and international market growth generating an increase in profits. Many factors need to be considered when launching new products into domestic markets as well as international markets. Establishing a strategic communication plan will help the successRead MoreFunctional Area Interrelationships1387 Words   |  6 PagesFunctional Area Interrelationships BUS/475 â€Æ' Kudler Fine Foods is food specialty stores where customers can shop and purchase foods and ingredients that are from different places in the world. Kudler Fine Foods prides themselves on the quality for the foods they find and sell. Founded in 1988 Kudler Fine Foods was fulfilling the needs of the customer who is more conscious of the food and products they use daily. As Kudler Fine Foods grow by opening sustaining the stores currently open and theRead MoreKudler Fine Foods - Functional Area Interrelationships1749 Words   |  7 PagesKudler Fine Foods – Functional Area Interrelationships Bus/475 July 16, 2012 Kudler Fine Foods Kudler Fine Foods offers delicacy food s to its customers. Kudler treats its foods with love and care. These delicacies give customers excellent meat, bread, seafood, and wine. Kudler’s mission, vision, values, and goals are extraordinary. This paper is a review of Kudler’s reason for existence, organizational structure, steps in collaboration, positive action plan, and collaborativeRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Business Strategy1390 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Strategy – Kudler Fine Foods Alicia Walker MMPLB 502: MANAGING THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE January 10, 2011 Joseph Bucci Business Strategy – Kudler Fine Foods As companies grow a build customers bases and increase services to meet these demands there is a need to enhance information technologies to continually â€Å"Strategic management involves major decisions, business choices and actions that chart the course of the entire enterprise† (Gomez-Mejia et al., p 156). The undertaking of strategicRead MoreClient Interaction Strategy795 Words   |  4 Pagesconsultant for Kudler Fine Foods, communications with individuals on various levels of the organization is inevitable. It is vital to use the appropriate influence techniques during the process of implementing a new HRIS software system. An effective transition will require the consultant to use existing power structure to obtain buy-in from the current workforce. This essay will address several tactics that will assist the consultant with an interaction strategy to communication effectivelyRead MoreMkt 571 Communications Plan1128 Words   |  5 PagesCommunications Plan MKT/571 March 21, 2011 Communications Plan The importance of developing an integrated marketing communications plan has become even more important in the modern era. With so many different touch points, or ways that a prospect can experience a company s message or advertisement, it is important that the message be clear and consistent (Business Training Schools,  2011). Developing the proper lines of communication, especially with a new product is vital to a companyRead MoreEssay Kudler Fine Foods, Choosing the Right Medium1163 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing the Right Medium Learning Team C COM/TM541 August 2, 2010 University of Phoenix Kudler Fine Foods has decided to upgrade the cash registers in three stores. The new registers are scheduled for installation in six weeks, and various members of the cashier, management team and computer support specialists will require training on the proper use of the new equipment. Five methods are under review for training implementation; oral presentation, written report, video, e-mail,Read MoreKudler Fine Foods and Wine1248 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper focuses on the various ways which Kudler Fine Foods and Wine can do in case of a critical event to avoid negative publicity by the media. It highlights different steps that can be employed by any organization to ensure that its image as well as interests is safeguarded. In addition, this paper focuses on the role of public relation and public affairs in critical incidences. The organizational truth and public communication are also discussed in this paper. Lastly right to knowRead MoreKudler Fine Foods: Strategic Planning1729 Words   |  7 PagesKudler Fine Foods: Strategic Planning Kudler Fine Foods (Kudler), a gourmet shop, has recently decided to add organic produce to its product line up and implement a catering service. Actuating this business venture will affect Kudler s suppliers, employees, and consumers. The focus of this paper is to explore how changes in technology have created business opportunities for Kudler, identify the strategy that Kudler should pursue, explore some of the tactics the organization should implementRead MoreBSA 310 Week 2: Service Request SR-kf-013 Paper806 Words   |  4 PagesBSA 310 Business Systems Kudler Fine Foods is a growing local upscale fine food store in San Diego. Kudler Fine Foods has three locations and specializes in bakery and pastry products, fresh produce, fresh meat, seafood, condiments, package foods, cheeses, and dairy products. Kudler Fine Foods mission is to â€Å"offer each customer a delightful and pleasing shopping outing.† With a mission statement, such as theirs Kudler Fine Foods wants to partner up with a loyalty rewards

Civil War Weapons

The Children’s Health Fund of New York City Free Essays

The Children’s Health Fund is a national non-profit organization that was founded on providing health care to the nation’s needy and underprivileged children. The CHF began over 25 years ago by reaching out to homeless kids in New York City and delivering health care through a mobile medical clinic (MMC) driven around the city to locations and neighborhoods seeking out children to provide basic health care to. Over the years, the organization has expanded across the country with MMCs in different cities with the CHF offering a full range of programs, from not only children healthcare, but healthcare for needy families, health education and preventative care, to the diagnosis and management of acute and chronic diseases (â€Å"Health Care for Kids† n. We will write a custom essay sample on The Children’s Health Fund of New York City or any similar topic only for you Order Now d. ). More recently, the CHF and MMCs have expanded their service to include mobile clinics in response following national disasters and crisis events. The CHF and the mobile health care service it provides has had its number of challenges in implementation over the years. With the main challenge of reaching out and expanding coverage to help those of need, there are several other areas that challenge the organization and its operation. The MMCs face the challenge of accommodating the proper amount of space and medical equipment needed to provide high quality healthcare. This challenge is a goal of each MMC to provide a central home for individuals to receive care and come back to for continued treatment. With this concept presents another challenge in that each MMC need of keeping up to date, and secure medical records for those who visit, so that they may continue to come back for care and treatment when the MMC comes back to their neighborhood or area (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, Perkins, 2012). In order to accomplish the goals of meeting these challenges, the CHF must have network systems that can support the operations of running medical equipment and communications networks needed to operate a MMC. That is why over the years CHF has been working to continue to upgrade and keep their MMCs up to date with the latest technology and communication that can power these mobile healthcare hubs. According to Healthcare IT news, the CHF has recently partnered with Verizon to create its first telemedicine clinic in providing 4G LTE wireless broadband connections to new mobile sites (Monegain, 2013). The CHF and Verizon plan to continue forward in the coming months and continue to deliver new uses of technology to mobile units across the nation. For the CHF to be able to roll out new technology and software to support their mobile units, the organization naturally needs strong financial support. The CHF is very fortunate to have a number of private individuals and corporate partners who help secure funds for the organization. However, a large quantity of financial aid comes from Congress and other government programs. One such government program is the HITECH stimulus. The stimulus is for healthcare providers that exhibit having meaningful use of certified electronic health records (â€Å"Healthcare IT Index† n.d. ). With EHRs already a practice of the MMCs, the CHF should be entitled to financial assistance that can continue to facilitate software and technology improvement. A common concern with many organizations is whether or not the implementation of new technology and software will cause a loss workers or staff, or if conditions will emerge that will render parts of their operation obsolete. In dealing with the CHF and doctors offices, this is not believed to be the case. With new software applications, doctor office staffs and MMCs will not become obsolete, but will have their jobs reinforced with easier ways to handle patient information and documents (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, Perkins, 2012). With help in this area, the staff can shift attention to more important areas such as giving patients the personal care and treatment they need. Overall, the CHF is a successful organization that provides valuable services and assistance to many citizens of need in our nation. With its continued focus on quality service, growth, and improvement over the last 26 years, the CHF is a well known entity that many people depend on. With the CHF prepared to continue its legacy and service in years to come, recommendations could be made regarding their future efforts. Continued expansion of their crisis and natural disaster mobile assistance would be desirable action. Just like with the number or under privileged children and their families, natural disaster events will continue to be unfortunately present, and it’s important to help others rebuild and get the necessary assistance when nothing else is available. Also, the CHF as it continues to grow and expand across the US into new cities, the organization needs to continue partnerships with local corporations and medical institutions. These corporations can offer their services and expertise to possibly facilitate the MMCs operations, and working with local medical institutions can help staff MMCs and other locations with med students, nursing students and others in a partnered-learning environment. How to cite The Children’s Health Fund of New York City, Papers

Community Development Case Study Guatemala

Question : Summarize in your own words the specific types of community-development, the ODAHG and RCT have used in Guatemala: Answer : The ODAHG and RCT have utilized the psychosocial treatment to develop, reconcile and empower the traumatized people who are suffering from severe mental illness due to torture and violence in Guatemala. The reason behind conducting this programme is to help the victims of the community to come out of the mental trauma by respecting and promoting the human rights and also restore the democratic social fabric that has been damaged due to the war (Anckermann et al., 2005). This intervention is community based approach that focuses on influencing the national policy with regards to the psychosocial support to the traumatic people. This approach helps in developing activities that aims at sustainability in the society. This approach is a long-term commitment and contribution towards the struggle against torture and violence. This community based approach shows a sense of belongingness towards the victims, motivating them to participate to protect the community interests (Cavaye, n.d.). I did not find any differences among this approach and the one I am aware of. I found that all the community development approaches relies on the interaction among the action and the people instead to taking it as an individual activity. Similarly, the ODAHG and RCTs community development approach emphasized on vitality, improvement and change through functions, attitudes, equity and flexibility. This helped in building relationship with the community and helped them to pr omote maturation, acquisition and relationship with the assets of the community (Tan, 2009). The community development assistance helps in connecting the people with the community by providing the available resources and assets. This approach helps in developing the society to help the people to increase the confidence. It is all about reconstruction of economy, institution and infrastructure of the country as a whole. This assistance ensures that the country is developing rather than sliding into conflict. This development aid approach mainly emphasizes on analysing the structural factors that influences conflict like social inequalities, economic and political. It is an attempt to reduce the socio-cultural or economic issues in the society to promote peace (Owens, 2004). On the other hand, the humanitarian aid assistance approach aims at preventing the human causalities that might have been strongly affected due to civilian conflicts. The main aim of this assistance is to help the people who are suffering from mental illness, maintain the relief work and providing assistance in a frantic situation (Brownlie Bojang, 2009). In general, the humanitarian assistance is mainly related towards relieving the people who are suffering by meeting their basic needs like food, medicine, protection, shelter and water. This approach does not focus on any political condition unlike community development assistance. It mainly deals with people in need but try to negotiate for improving the conditions through public media (Branczik, 2004). Reference : Anckermann, S., Dominguez, M., Soto, N., Kjaerulf, F., Berliner, P. and Naima Mikkelsen, E. (2005). Psycho-social support to large numbers of traumatized people in post-conflict societies: an approach to community development in Guatemala. Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology, 15(2), pp.136-152. Branczik, A. (2004). Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance | Beyond Intractability. [online] Beyondintractability.org. Available at: https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/humanitarian-aid [Accessed 19 Jan. 2015]. Brownlie Bojang, A. (2009). Aid and development. Mankato, Minn.: Black Rabbit Books. Cavaye, J. (n.d.). Understanding Community Development. [online] vibrantcanada.ca. Available at: https://vibrantcanada.ca/files/understanding_community_development.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2015]. Owens, T. (2004). External Support During the Transition Phase: Roles for Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance from a Village Perspective. World Development, 32(10), pp.1711-1733. Tan, A. (2009). COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE: BRIDGING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN MICRO AND MACRO LEVELS OF SOCIAL WORK. [online] nacsw.org. Available at: https://www.nacsw.org/Publications/Proceedings2009/TanACommunity.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2015].

Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients

Table of Contents Breast cancer as a chronic disease Supportive care contrasted to preventive measures Conclusion Reference List Tumours are diseases that can be characterized with little percentage of preventive measures taken to forecast the condition of a patient or analyze the possibility of inherited genomes to provoke development of cancer tumours. In this respect, preventive measures should be taken in order to decrease the mortality rates all over the world in terms of cancer illness and breast cancer in particular. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The changes should be made in the area of preventive approaching the breast cancer as a chronic illness in institutions addressing the healthcare providers’ professional competencies and the way patients, families, and communities perceive this illness and prevent its appeara nce. Breast cancer as a chronic disease Breast cancer is a chronic illness because it is a recurring one and, as a rule, it progresses slowly. Mammary neoplasms are treated as a chronic illness if neoplasms occur constantly even after the use of invasive method and chemotherapy sessions and demonstrate a low progress. In this respect, it needs a completely different approach than a single instance of breast cancer tumour that can be extracted and a tumour can happen to occur no more. Another case that can be considered in breast cancer treatment is the fast or inoperative instance of mammal neoplasm. Inherited propensity and different external factors (smoking, eating carcinogenic products, and others) can accelerate the risk of cancer occurrence. However, sometimes, people live with cancer tumours all life long and undergo a number of chemotherapy sessions that slow down the development and spreading of infected cells. So, a patient should be screened for a breast cancer and appr opriate measures should be taken if a patient has an inherited propensity of breast cancer. As reported by Perry et al. (2007), in June 2003, the European Parliament called for establishment of a programme by 2008 which should lead to a future 25% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates in the EU and also a reduction to 5% in the disparity in the survival rates between member states† (p.615). So, this can be considered the first set of measures to be taken for improving the treatment incorporation of preventive measures into practice as an alternative for supportive measures. Though supportive measures are necessary for patents that have been diagnosed advanced breast cancer tumour, it is necessary to think about alternative ways to decrease the rate of mortality caused by breast cancer and various complications. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Blamey et al. (20 07) have studied the survival of invasive breast cancer which presupposes supportive taken for patients that were diagnosed advanced breast cancer tumour and have to perceive some treatment in the form of surgical invasion followed by chemotherapy sessions. In this respect, breast cancer can be characterised as a chronic illness that needs preventive measures to be introduced for healthcare providers and for patients and their families as an alternative to supportive measures. Supportive care contrasted to preventive measures As supportive measures were taken for breast cancer patients in the late 20th century, it is necessary to implement some preventive measures. Perry et al. (2007) suggests that even the supportive invasive measures were well-coordinated in case of advanced tumours diagnosis (p.619). In other words, supportive measures are contrasted to timely screening of breast cancer and preventive measures taken for breast cancer patients. When preventive treatment does not work, it is necessary to implement healthcare education for patients and their families. In addition, all types of health care institutions should incorporate preventive measures for patients that have inherited predisposition to breast cancer. Counselling sessions and other ways to inform people that may potentially be diagnosed breast cancer would be primary steps to prevent breast cancer and reduce the mortality rate. As a rule, the reports inform about increase in the spreading rates and the mortality rates. However, the study by Ravdin et al. (2007) offers some evidence of the decrease in breast cancer incidence in breast cancer in the United States in 2003. Perhaps, it is necessary to analyze the measures taken by healthcare providers that year to achieve this result and continue in the same manner. One of the possible ways to increase the awareness of patents in their possible illnesses is to inform the population of the measures to be taken to decrease the effect of various factors on their organism and undergo a set of procedures. Thus, Robson, Offit (2007) report of certain risk assessment and genetic testing to be taken in case a patient can potentially be diagnosed breast cancer. Besides, there are measures that can be taken to inform the patient and her family members about the risk and risk that exists in this case. A set of preventive measures can be taken if a person is of definite age and can be potentially diagnosed breast cancer due to certain external factors. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is necessary to take some measures such as mammography to prevent the slightest possible percent of being diagnosed breast cancer. However, even if you are diagnosed breast cancer, it woud be more productive to remove the tumour and take non-invasive measures while fighting against the di sease. Another study that analyzes management measures that should be taken to prevent occurrence of a disease is the one by Narod Offit (2005). Hereditary illnesses should be opposed to chronic ones. In addition, there should be definite measures taken for patients that have already been diagnosed breast cancer and those who may potentially have it in future. As a rule, it is a matter of time if all female relatives of a patient were diagnosed breast cancer. In this case, preventive therapy is the most appropriate measure that consist in risk assessment, genetic testing, counseling sessions, and other steps including breast examination, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and screening for other cancers, as well as chemoprevention and surgery as parts of strategies for reducing risks. Moreover, the preventive measures for breast cancer include prophylactic mastectomy, analysis of reproductive factors, and oophorectomy for breast cancer risk reduction. As you can see, there are many steps that can be taken but the most appropriate way to fight against the cancer in the earliest stages is to take a combination of those steps and prevent the occurrence of the disease before the patient is diagnosed breast cancer. Conclusion It appears to be more productive to take preventive measures instead f taking invasive measures while dealing with such problem as breast cancer and inherited breast cancer. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When women face such problem, they should receive constructive counselling. Moreover, most women with a possibility to have breast cancer can undergo a set of preventive measures including mammography that would help to screen the tumour when non-invasive measures would be enough. The patents as well as health care providers should be aware of the alternative measures to be taken in every separate case and certain complications and individual peculiarities that should be taken into account while considering preventive measures and certain complications, age, family health history, and other numerous factors. Preventive measures can be introduced on the regular basis to help women with different stages of breast cancer to fight their disease int he most productive way. Reference List Blamey, R.W., Ellisa, I.O., Pindera, S.E., Leea, A.H.S., Macmillana, R.D., Morgana, D.A.L.,†¦ Elstona, C.W. (2007). Survival of invasive breast cancer according to the Nottingham Prognostic Index in cases diagnosed in 1990–1999. European Journal Of Cancer, 4 3, 1548-1555. Narod, S. A., Offit, K. (2005) Prevention and management of hereditary breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23 (8), 1656-1663. Perry, N., Broeders, M., de Wolf, C., Tà ¶rnberg, S., Holland, R., von Karsa, L. (2007). European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition – summary document. Annals of Oncology, 19 (4), 614-622. Ravdin, P. M., Cronin, K. A., Howlader, N., Berg, C. D., Chlebowski, R. T., Feuer, E. J., †¦ Berry, D. A. (2007) The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356 (16), 1670-1674. Robson, M., Offit, K. (2007). Management of an inherited predisposition to breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357 (2), 154-162. This essay on Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients was written and submitted by user Leigha Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives

Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives Introduction Forced labor played an important role in the American history. It affected the lives of many Blacks living in the country during that time. Some slaves managed to escapethatenabled them to write some stories based on their lives. Fredrick Douglass, for example, wrote a narrative referred to as Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An America Slave. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglass gave an account of his social, Douglass authored his works on Narrative of the Life of Douglass after Blacks had started demanding for their rights and freedoms. In contrast, the works of Jacob was affected by the political and historical events that went on during publication of her works.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She published her works at a time that Americans rose against each other in the Civil War. She had to convey compelling argument to gain the attention of women about suffrage. Douglass had a major influence in society because he was both a leader and a writer. His works was met with criticism from owners of the slaves, which forced him to run for his safety. Fredrick Douglass based his ideas on the sermon. He could influence church members to reject any form of slavery because it was against God’s will. He was hired to lecture at Massachusetts Antislavery organization, whereby he developed some of styles that could enable him to attack slave owners. He came up with rhetorical devices that were similar to sermons and proclamations and used them in formulating his narrative. Such strategies included reverberation, contrast and many classical credible tactics. His findings were based on compilation of various speeches given in church. This means that he used b iblical quotes to condemn slavery because he cited some of the famous writings from the Holy book to prove that slavery was indeed inhuman (Pyne 71). Furthermore, Douglass borrowed the ideas of Emerson, which were popular in 1840s. He combined various views to encourage his supporters to fight against slavery, which caused anguish to people. He gave a narration in which he likened slavery to the life of a man who undergoes initiation from childhood to adulthood. Initiation signifies transformation from boyhood to maturity. In the same way, fight for freedom is like transformation from human chattel to a free citizen. According to Douglass, he analyzes his displeasure against slavery, by stating: Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slaves represent the sorrows of his hear, and are relieved of them, only as its tears relieved an aching heart (Douglass 20)†. Because of his personal view to slavery, he was able to relate to the vile moments of slavery to his sermons. In return, he had an opportunity to attack slavery. The sermons provided Douglass with a good opportunity to attack slavery. He used quotations from the Bible, which contradicted with the activities of slave owners, to challenge slavery.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enlightened Christian slave owners to neglect the provisions of the slavery laws. In addition, he used the sermons in church to remind slave owners that it was against God’s Will to use or humiliate another human being by treating them as objects. It is noted that Christianity played a bigger role in abolishing slavery in the US. Contrary to Douglass’ observation, Jacob gave her reasons against the slavery at around 1854. Such views and ideas made the author live as a renegade for about ten years. She authored her works after Cornelia Grinnell had given her a decent job. In other words, her findings could be termed as sentimental meaning a domestic novel. The author targeted women in families, home, matrimony and womanly reticence. She had borrowed much from the previous women writers. Her works encouraged women to rise up and fight slavery as well as male patriarchy. The issue of gender makes a big difference between the two scholars. Jacob focused on the problems encountered by women under slavery. She argued that slave owners could demand for sexual relationships with their subjects. In this case, women were the first casualties because they could not resist. Jacob showed how society used physical qualities to discriminate some members.She claimed that no social structure was maintained by oppressing some of its members. Conversely, the two scholars had different focuses because Douglass emphasized on struggle to achieve manhood and freedom while Jacob was much disturbed by the issue of sexual exploitation. A s Jacob observed, slavery was much terrible for women as compared to men. Women were affected most because there were no jobs for them (Shlaes 45). In society, women existed at the mercy of men. They were infringed economical and socially. They were only supposed to handle minor activities, but not to participate in major debates.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major problem for women was male domination and societal structure, which was rigid and unbiased. Douglass did not talk much about women (Pyne 83), but was more focused on liberating the entire society from slavery. On the other hand, Jacob’s concerns were clear. She longed for liberating women from male patriarchy and domination. She cited societal structure as one of the impediments to women liberation. Culture did not allow women to participate in active politics, neither did it encourage women to rise up and fight for their rights. Even pressure groups focused only on setting men free from slavery, not women. This implies that women were supposed to stand up and fight for their rights independently. This is reflected perfectly in the following text: When he told me that I was made for his use, made to obey his command in everything; that I was nothing but a slave who will must and should surrender to his, never before had my puny arm felt half-strong (Jacob 29). From Jacob’s narrative, it is established that she was not learned meaning that her works did not have any scholastic foundation. She could not be compared to Douglass who was educated (Shlaes 45), though very poor. Family backgrounds affected the writings of the two authors. Jacob claimed that her adventures seemed incredible because of the life she went through. She also admitted that her descriptions fell short of acts because she was not much enlightened, unlike Douglass who was well off academically since he was offered employment as a tutor. He worked in one of the colleges that supported liberation. Educational backgrounds affected the narratives of the narrators since more education affects an individual’s orientation to the world. In other words, learned narrators use tact in presenting his or her ideas. Douglass understood the importance of the importance of liberty hence encouraging slaves and other members of society to fight for their rights (McPherson 14). On the other hand, Jacob urged women to raise their concerns through societal institutions, such as government, which proved to be futile. Douglass used his influence and position in the society to inform the public of the evils of slavery. Conclusion Overall, Douglass and Jacobs aimed at eliminating slavery by condemning it through written texts. They focused on the awful experiences and nature of slavery. Each of the narrators had different viewpoints as regards to slavery. In addition, the scholars exposed injustices that infringed upon peoples rights to equality and equal opportunities. Comparison of works of the two writers reveal that differences endured by male and female slaves related to gender roles, political aspects, and societal structure. Douglass, Fredrick. Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, an American slave. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Jacob, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2007.Print. McPhe rson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford: Pulitzer Prize, 2003.Print. Oatis, Steven. A Colonial Complex: South Carolinas Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730. New York: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.Print. Pyne, Stephen. How the Canyon Became Grand. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1998.Print. Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2008.Print.

Causes and effect of stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Causes and effect of stress - Essay Example The feelings of loss can turn to stress if nothing is done to remedy the situation. Phobias also stress people because one has little control over what happens when they experience these stressors. Another cause of internal stress levels includes those issues related to health. If an individual has depression-related ailments or heart diseases, the stress levels increase (Renner 294-5). External issues also affect the way an individual reacts to stress. Pressure from work due to too much work with few or no vacations could have a negative toll on the body. Having to meet deadlines everyday also affects the daily reactions amongst employees. Finances also affect the way people react because they are unemployed, have low wages or have to plan for the future and are yet to get substantial amounts of money to accomplish their goals (Renner 296). People undergo different transitions in life, which define who they are. When they experience stressful situations, some may cave in to pressure. Others result to depression or solve their issues appropriately. Whichever way one looks at it, stress is part of life, but people need appropriate coping

Pulmonary Hypertension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Pulmonary Hypertension - Essay Example Genetic factors may account for mutations in the blood vessels which may manifest in the increased prevalence of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in the walls of the blood vessels (Ali, Summer, and Levitzky, 2005). Pulmonary hypertension may also be caused by congenital heart defects like atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and congenital heart problems which have left to right shunts (Ali, Summer & Levitzky, 2005). In instances when the pulmonary hypertension would worsen, the right-side pressure may overwhelm systemic pressure and â€Å"poorly oxygenated mixed venous blood bypasses the lungs and enters the systemic circulation, causing severe shunt-related hypoxemia† (Ali, Summer & Levitzky, p.129, 2005). Non-specific symptoms like dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, angina pectoris, and syncope (Ali, Summer & Levitzky, 2005). These are however symptoms which also apply to other cardiopulmonary disorders like ischemic and valvular heart disorder. Hoarseness is a symptom more specific to pulmonary hypertension because it is caused by compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve due to the enlarged main pulmonary artery (Ali, Summer & Levitzky, 2005). In cases of cardiac overload, sodium and water retention increases under the influence of the aldosterone hormone. Sodium and water retention consequently manifests as volume overload causing distended neck veins (jugular vein distention), ascites, and leg edema. Other symptoms may include tachypnea, dizziness, apprehension, fear, persistent hypoxemia, excessive fatigue, and cyanosis (Canobbio, 2006). Dizziness, fatigue and syncope are largely due to insufficient cardiac output (Newman, 2008). Initial diagnostic tests may include chest x-ray, spirometry, ECG, and echocardiography, and CBC following a complaint of significant exertional dyspnea in patients who seem relatively

Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer

Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer Abstract Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. With improving survival figures and early breast cancer detection, treatment related long term adverse effects of radiotherapy have become a concern. Contralateral breast cancer due to scatter radiation from during radiotherapy of diseased breast is one of them. This prospective clinical study was conducted to measure the dose received by the contralateral breast and compare the different techniques which influence this dose. It was found that in post mastectomy patients, treatment with telecobalt medial tangential field contribute more dose to contralateral breast compared to supraclavicular field and lateral tangential fields. The mean dose received by contralateral breast during irradiation of chest wall was 168.29 cGy which 3.36 percentage of the prescribed dose. Key Words; contralateral breast dose, breast malignancy, thermoluminescent disc, scattered radiation Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among the women worldwide. [1] With improved survival figures due to early breast cancer detection and multimodality treatment, long term adverse effects in the form of second malignancy of contralateral breast (CLB) has become a concern. In patients getting radiotherapy to the affected breast, CLB also receives radiation in the form of scattered radiation due to scattered from primary. Second malignancy is a late sequel of radiation appearing at an interval of 10-15 years. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] Since breast is highly radiosensitive structure this dose to CLB is a major concern especially in younger women and patients with longer life expectancy. Although radiation induced malignancy is a stochastic effect but the intensity increases linearly with increase in dose. [8] Studies have measured CLB dose on phantom and patients and have observed that the dose to CLB is more for medial tangential (MT) than supraclavicular field (SCL) field and later al tangential (LT) field. In our centre 22% of female patients are suffering from breast cancer and majority of them belong to low socio economic status and presented with advanced disease. In the present study we measure the dose to CLB in patients receiving radiotherapy following modified radical mastectomy (MRM). The radiation dose to CLB were measured with the help of CaSO4: Dy thermoluminescent discs (TLD). The TLD are highly sensitivity and can measure even very small doses. Materials and methods Measurement of CLB was done in 25 patients undergoing for EBRT by cobalt teletherapy machine (THERATRON 780 C and E) following MRM. Precalibrated TLD (9mmÃâ€"13mm) were placed on the surface of CLB. Total three discs were placed one at the nipple and other vertically on either side of nipple 3 cm apart. We tried our best to place the TLD on the same position each time. Skin tattooing was done to demarcate the exact position at the first sitting and this was used subsequently to replicate the position. After delivery of radiation dose for a particular field the discs were removed and another set of three discs were placed for next reading. In this way total six discs were used daily, three for SCL field and three for MT or LT field as MT and LT fields were treated on alternate days and SCL field was treated daily. For MT and LT fields breast cone was used for half beam block. Total dose delivered was 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 2 Gy per fraction, 5 fractions per week in 5 weeks. The expos ed TLD were stored in radiation free zone and the readings were taken after 24 hours and within 7 days after exposure because after seven days the TLD start to loose electrons. The scattered dose received by TLD were measured on NUCLEONIX TL 10091 TLD reader. After one set of measurement, the discs were annealed by heating 400 degree celcius and then used for next measurement. For each patient, measurements were carried out at first week, third week and last week, total three times during the course of treatment. Statistical Analysis Mean dose calculation received by CLB. Total dose received by CLB, this was calculated by multiplication of mean dose to number of fractions. The percentage of radiation dose received by CLB with respect to the prescribed dose to diseased breast (Total doseÃâ€" 100 / prescribed dose to diseased breast). We also stratified data based on gantry angle at which EBRT was delivered (≠¤50 degree and > 50 degree). The statistical software SPSS version 20.0 was used for the data analysis. Results The age wise distribution of patients and the mean dose received by CLB is shown in table 1. 19 out of 25 patients in our study were 50 years or younger. 52% patients had left sided breast cancer. Table 2 shows the contribution of SCL, MT and LT field dose with the gantry angle at which the radiation dose was delivered. Total dose received by CLB varies from 1.22% to 5.82% of the prescribed dose of 50 Gy to the affected breast. Mean total dose received by CLB was 105.55 cGy with MT field followed by SCL field, (33.96 cGy) and LT field {(28.97 cGy) as shown in table 2. This data shows that the maximum contribution of dose to CLB was with MT field followed by SCL field and LT field. Mean dose with all three fields received by CLB was 168.48 cGy with SD  ±62.23 which corresponds to 3.36% of prescribed dose to affected breast. 11 patients were treated on cobalt unit with gantry angle ≠¤ 50 degree having 3.00% contribution of CLB dose (table 3). 14 patients treated with gantry angl e > 50 degree had 3.79% contribution of CLB dose (p=0.199). The mean, median and range were 3.66, 3.34 and 4.60 respectively. Discussion It is well known that exposure to ionizing radiation causes carcinogenesis in healthy tissues. Although it is a stochastic effect having no threshold dose but the intensity increases with increase in radiation dose. CLB must be considered as an organ at risk during radiotherapy planning for treatment of cancer breast. Many previous studies conducted to calculate the dose received by CLB, were based on patients, phantom or treatment planning system. Boice et al analyzed the record of 41109 patients of cancer breast and they found the mean CLB dose was 2.82 Gy. [9] They also hypothesized that there was increased relative risk of CLB malignancy due to exposure to ionization given to diseased breast. The relative risk was 1.19 for all patients, however the relative risk was more (1.49) for younger patients who were less than 45 years old. In our study, the maximum dose received by CLB in women below 40 years which was 3.93 percentage (196.437 cGy) of prescribed dose. The minimal dose was received in patients who were above 60 years of age {(1.96 %) (97.875 cGy)}. The possible reason could be the increased laxity of breast tissues in older women cause more lateral shifting of CLB away from the radiation at the time of exposure. Half beam block technique is routinely used while irradiating the breast with tangential beams. [10, 11] Kelly et al measured CLB dose on Alderson Rando phantom using TLD with four different techniques of breast cancer treatment using 6 MV photon beam on linear accelerator. [12] The used half beam block with asymmetrical jaws, custom blocks and symmetrical collimator jaw. Another technique used was isocentric method with non divergent posterior border. They observed highest dose to CLB in MT field with wedge. In our study radiation was delivered using half beam block with breast cone. The dose to CLB was maximum with MT field because in half block beam, the breast cone is placed near to surface of breast which cause increased dose due to secondary collimator scattering. Bhatnagar et al compared dose to CLB during EBRT to chest wall irradiation using conventional tangential technique and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). [13] They observed 20 percentage reduction of dose to CLB using IMRT. According to a study by Chougule, the average contralateral nipple dose was 152.5-254.75 cGy and the percentage was 3.05-6.05% for a dose of 5000 cGy in 25 fractions for post mastectomy breast cancer. [14] In our study, the measured mean contralateral nipple dose on was 171.88 cGy (55.5-303.80 cGy) which accounts to 3.47% (1.11%-6.07%) of prescribed dose (table 2). Dose to CLB were higher for dose calculated at the level of nipple as compared to dose received by whole CLB. This may be due to TLD at level of nipple being closest to the radiation source. According to Rankel et al with high gantry angle the beam will be closer to the surface leading higher dose to the CLB. [15] In this study, it was found that with gantry angle >50 °, more dose was delivered to the CLB though the difference is not statistically significant (p=0.199). Conclusion In our patient cohort, higher inadvertent CLB dose was delivered in younger patients with MT field; overall, dose being 3.36 percentage of prescribed dose.

THE NATIONAL TOBACCO STRATEGY

Facts about harm associated with tobacco and contact information for quit programs provide access to information and support School education programs that focus on assertiveness skills, academic success and developing a negative attitude to smoking all help young people to modify personal behaviors and enhance skills that will be protective against smoking in future Quitting service Creating Supportive environments: Promotion of smoke free messages and regulation of place creates a variety of physical and social support structures accessible to individuals Frightening media campaigns â€Å"every cigarette is doing you damage† maintained powerful antismog attitude in the with advertising of pharmaceutical products, such as nicotine patches, the urgency to quit is implemented by the sense of having a solution readily available. Most indoor and public places are smoke free, providing safe physical and social environments for people to work and interact socially.Non-health initia tives like housing, counseling and anti-violence strategies reduce stress and anxiety that might lead to smoking. Employment and training programs to reduce boredom associated with unemployment-?address socio-cultural and socioeconomic determinants which influence tobacco use. Regulation of place of sale aims to eliminate the sale of tobacco products to minors and aka them less visible: hidden behind counters Strengthening Community action Local educational strategies such as peer support and mentoring programs improve self-esteem and the sense of worth among students which can be protective factors against harm from tobacco use.Families and parents provided with safe places for children to avoid tobacco smoke-?parks Reorienting Health services: ‘Lifestyles' prescription pads are tools used by Gaps to initiate discussions with patients about lifestyle behaviors-?help doctors introduce preventative assuages and recommendations for improving lifestyle behaviors. Building Healthy Public Policy. High levels of taxation on tobacco ensure cigarettes are less affordable, reducing access for younger people in particular Imposition of laws that prevent smoking in most public and indoor environments I. E. No smoking in pubs and clubs Place of drug education in all Australian schools an important cornerstone of public policy. Delivery of anti-smoking messages and development of anti-smoking attitudes as young as possible is critical.

Catholic Sacraments

The Sacraments of the Catholic Church are, the Church teaches, efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions. † Though not every individual has to receive every sacrament[->0], the Church affirms that, for believers as a whole, the sacraments are necessary for salvation, as the modes of grace divinely instituted by Christ[->1] Himself.Through each of them Christ bestows that sacrament's particular grace, such as incorporation into Christ and the Church, forgiveness of sins, or consecration for a particular service. The Church teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, a recipient's own lack of prope r disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person.The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith. The Catechism of the Catholic Church[->2] lists the sacraments as follows: â€Å"The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism[->3], Confirmation[->4], Eucharist[->5], Penance[->6], Anointing of the Sick[->7], Holy Orders[->8], and Matrimony[->9]. † Baptism[->10] is the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation.Baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient's head, while reciting the baptismal formula: â€Å"I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit[->11]. † The ordinary minister of the sacrament is a bishop or priest, or a deacon. In case of necessity[->12], an yone intending to do what the Church does, even if that person is not a Christian, can baptize. The sacrament frees from original sin[->13] and all personal sins, and from the punishment ue to them. Baptism makes the person share in the Trinitarian life of God through â€Å"sanctifying grace[-;14]†, the grace of justification that incorporates the person into the body of Christ and his Church, also making the person a sharer in the priesthood of Christ. It imparts the theological virtues[->15]: faith[->16], hope[->17], and charity[->18] and the gifts of the Holy Spirit, and marks the baptized person with a spiritual seal or character that indicates permanent belonging to Christ.Baptism is the foundation of communion between all Christians. The many symbols of baptism include a white garment, symbolizing innocence and purity, a candle, symbolizing the Light of Christ, the Oil of Chrism, which is used to anoint the baby or candidate being baptized, and the water, which symboliz es cleansing and the washing away of sin. Confirmation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation. It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace.It is conferred by â€Å"the anointing[-;19] with Sacred Chrism[-;20], which is oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop, which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite. These words refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit[-;21] that marks the recipient as with a seal. Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is strengthened and deepened.Like baptism, confirmation may be received only once, and the recipient must be in a state of grace meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin[-;22] in order to receive its effects. The originating minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop[-;23]; if a priest confers the sacrament and in special cases, the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil bles sed[-;24] by the bishop on Holy Thursday[-;25] itself or on a day close to it. In the East, which retains the ancient practice, the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism.In the West, where administration is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance, it came to be postponed until the recipient's early adulthood; but in view of the earlier age at which children are now admitted to reception of the Eucharist, it is more and more restored to the traditional order and administered before giving the third sacrament of Christian initiation. The Eucharist is the sacrament, the third of Christian initiation, completes Christian initiation by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus[->26] Christ and participate in his one sacrifice.The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion. The bread which must be wheaten and wine which must be from grapes used in the Eucharistic rite are, in Catholic fa ith, transformed in all but appearance into the Body and Blood of Christ, a change that is called transubstantiation[->27]. That is, Catholics believe they are sacramentally, though not physically, eating and drinking the human flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Only a bishop[->28] or priest[->29] is enabled to be a minister of the Eucharist, acting in the person of Christ himself.Deacons[->30] as well as priests are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion, and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. The Eucharist is seen as â€Å"the source and summit† of Christian living, the high point of God's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God, the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven. So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation[-;31] and is recommended on other days.Also recommended for thos e who participate in the Mass is reception, with the proper dispositions, of Holy Communion. This is seen as obligatory at least once a year, during Eastertide. The Sacrament of Penance is the first of two sacraments of healing. The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following orders different names of the sacrament, calling it the sacrament of conversion, Penance, confession, forgiveness and Reconciliation. It is the sacrament of spiritual healing for a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed.If a man sins after baptism, he cannot have baptism as a remedy; Baptism, which is a spiritual regeneration, cannot be given a second time. Reconciliation involves four elements: Contrition the Penitent's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin, repentance, without which the rite has no effect; Confession to a Priest with the faculty to hear confessions while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another, only a Priest has the power to admin ister the sacrament, Absolution by the Priest, and, Satisfaction or Penance.Many sins wrong our neighbor. One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm. Simple justice requires as much. But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself, as well as his relationships with God and neighbor. Absolution takes away sin, but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused. Raised up from sin, the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin: he must make satisfaction for or expiate his sins. This satisfaction is also called penance.In early Christian centuries, this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution, but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform, to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation. The priest is bound by the seal of confession[->32], which is inviolable. Accordingly, it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent, for any reason whatsoever, whether by word or in any other fashion.A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See[->33]. In some dioceses, certain sins are reserved which means only certain confessors can absolve them. Some sins, such as violation of the sacramental seal, consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See, direct physical attacks on the Pope[->34], and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See.A special case-by-case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary[->35] is normally required to absolve these sins. Anointing of the Sick[->36] is the second sacrament of healing. In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose. The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger by reas on of illness or old age. A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time.When, in the Western Church, the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death, it came to be known as Extreme Unction[->37], Final Anointing, administered as one of the Last Rites. The other Last Rites are Confession if the dying person is physically unable to confess, at least absolution, conditional on the existence of contrition, is given, and the Eucharist, which when administered to the dying is known as Viaticum[->38], a word whose original meaning in Latin[->39] was provision for a journey.Holy Orders[->40] is the sacrament by which a man is made a bishop[->41], a priest[->42], or a deacon[->43], and thus dedicated to be an image of Christ[->44]. A bishop is the minister of this sacrament. Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament, making the bishop a member of the body of successors of the Apostles, and giving him the mission to teach, sanctify, and govern, along with the care of all the Churches.Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest, and conferring on him the power, as the bishops' assistant, to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts, especially the Eucharist. Ordination as a deacon configures the deacon to Christ the Servant of All, placing him at the service of the bishop, especially in the Church's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God.Aspirants to the priesthood are required by canon law[->45] to go through a seminary[->46] program that includes, as well as graduate level philosophical and theological studies, a formation program that includes spiritual direction[->47], retreats[->48], apostolate experience, etc. The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a permanent deacon is decided by the Episcopal conference[->49] concerned. Matrimony[->50], or Marriage, like Holy Orders, is a sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church, and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission.This sacrament, seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church, establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond, sealed by God. Accordingly, a marriage between baptized[->51] people, validly entered into and consummated, cannot be dissolved. The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children.As a condition for validity, the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary[->52] or Parish Priest[->53] or of a cleric delegated by them or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference[->54] and the permission of the Holy See[->55] and at least two other witnesses, though in the theological tradition o f the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament are the couple themselves.For a valid marriage, a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self-giving to the other, excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage. If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian, their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained. If one of the two is not a Christian, the competent authority's dispensation is necessary for validity.

The Role That Globalization of Television Has Played in the Construction of Cosmopolitan Identities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2114 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Beatriz Ramirez Lopez s3231464 The role that Globalization of Television has played in the Construction of Cosmopolitan Identities. In this essay, I will expose my thoughts, arguments and ideas of how global television has constructed an identity in which people refer and familiarize that doesn? t necessarily belong the same place. During the last decades television had to face the crucial change that the world has faced known as globalization. This change in the media needs to be understood in the wider context of the globalization of capitalist modernity, since global television is constituted by and of the inherently globalizing nature of modernity (Barker, 1997). Modernity, as Marx and Weber theorized, is a period marked by change, motivation and dynamism. If modernity is a period in which capitalism, industrialism, surveillance and military power (Giddens,1990) can be found, I should say that we have passed that point beyond. We live in a period in which postmodernism as a cultural form can be seen as a radicalized modernity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role That Globalization of Television Has Played in the Construction of Cosmopolitan Identities" essay for you Create order Nevertheless, this postmodernity doesn? t have to be composed of the same meaning as what it is known as the postmodernity concept in a historical period. This is because in the postmodern culture different concerns have emerged at the same time that a global compression of time and space had took place in the late modernity. Chris Barker describes the culture of global television as postmodern in form and argue that the institutions of transnational television, which are institutions of modernity, are globalizing a postmodern cultural form. (Barker, 1997, p. 1) The institutions that are part of a capitalist modernity had been facing the globalization challenge in which they had to act in order to be part of this change. Television, as a capitalist institution, has also contribute to this challenge through the world-wide circulation of images and discourses. Nowadays, television programs offer a wide range of entertainment, information and persuasion. It also offers a simple re? ecti on of the world with forms of knowledge that represent speci? c constructions of ideas that we receive every time we turn on our Tv. Global television plays a direct role because it penetrates into the local systems and display alternative understandings of time and space. According to Chris Barker; The dynamism of modernity is founded upon its re? exive nature, the continual re-evalutation of knowledge. Re? exivity refers to the use of knowledge about social life as a constitutive element of it and refers to the constant revision of social activity in the light of new knowledge On a more institutional level television has been increasingly re? exive about its own status and production techniques. Television has a history and repeats that history within across channels, this articulation of styles and histories contributes to the viewers understanding of TV history Television contributes to our increasing re? exivity about ourselves, our culture and the history, conditions and techniques of cultural production. (1997, p. 15-16) As a result, television gives us the opportunity to be world travelers in the comfort of our own space being part of a society that lives in a world as a whole, or better described as a globalized space. However, what happens when one half of the world? s largest economic units are nations and the other half are transnational corporations belong to the same nation? Is society changing to a global postmodern culture or just is it becoming a follower of an identity from an speci? c country(ies)? â€Å"Globalization is mainly an economic phenomenon and refers to the economic activity on a global scale and is an aspect of time-space compression or the shrinking world†. (Barker, 1997). This argument is fairly true; although, the process of creating a world economy has grown in an uneven way. Representation, identity and cultural meaning are some issued that are also concerned by globalization. The values and meanings can remain signi? cant, but speaking of a globalized society, these values and meanings can extend far beyond their locations suffering a transformation from its very real meaning. As Hedbidge (1990) argues, cosmopolitanism is an aspect of our every day life. Diverse cultures are becoming more accessible today. That? s how we can choose what type of food we can eat or which artist can we listen to, dress a speci? brand coming from a trendy country or just watch the Tv shows from speci? c countries. We are becoming a global culture but Barker indicates that if by global culture we mean a unitary world culture, or a bounded culture connected to a world state, then we are a long way from that scenario. Cultural values and feelings refer to three main components that are based in a shared experience. These components associate the shared memories of speci? c eve nts and people, sense of generational continuity and a common sense of destiny on the part of the collectivity. In terms of a global culture, a process of integration and disintegration represent an homogenization of a culture. This effect can be well placed in the consumer culture. Brands like Coca-Cola, Starbucks, KFC and many others ring our bell regardless the nation we come from. An interesting point to mention is that in the consumer culture as in the global tv an speci? c country owns the majority of these brands which displays an american way of life. The globalization of television is an aspect of dynamism of modernity in? ected with the logic of capitalism. Capitalism is a system of commodity production premised upon the private owner-ship and control of the means of production whereby the owners of the means of production employ wage labour to produce commodities, which have exchange value, for sale in the market Television is bound up with capitalist modernity both as a set of economic activities and as a cultural force constituted by and constitutive of modernity. The rise of transnational television since the mid-1980s is, thus, an aspect of capitalist globalization whereby this essentially economically riven set of activities is also a set of cultural practices involving the circulation of ideas and images around the world. (Barker, 1999, p. 20-21) Television promotes the capitalism in the postmodern society. There is money to be made from production and sale of programs, from selling the technological hardware of television, and to deliver audiences to advertisers for their target market so that television can be the centre of wid er commercial activities. Particularly the media ? ts into this global economy by supporting transnational corporations. Global television also refers to television in which technology, ownership, program distribution and audiences operates across the boundaries of a nation. But what happens when a nation doesn? t want to be part of that global culture? A clear example is the communist nation Cuba, since Fidel Castro? s dictatorship the media is limited to the national broadcast organization; the government is the one in charge of controlling the media power whereas in some other Latin countries such as Mexico the media power is absolutely independent from the government which allows the exchange of programs distributed in all over the world. National broadcasting systems had to face the concern of international trade in television taking them to be part of the global television. For example, the soap operas, game shows etc that have their version in the country that is going to be consumed, such as Big Brother, The Biggest Loser and many others. Soap operas in the global television are programs that can in? uence the most in creating some patterns with their content. The soap? s ability to deploy a wide range of characters allows multiple identi? cations by the audience who can familiarize with some characters. These programs are often structured by the tension between realism and melodrama (Barker, 1997). The content can represent social issues such as AIDS, race gender, homosexuality, unemployment, drugs addiction etc. Some others include in their content speci? c environments in which the audience expect to be close to the reality. For example, the ? rst time I saw Neighbours, I found that they used a lot of great outdoors scenes such as the beach, their dress-code and the activities that the characters can have which made me think of a holiday. The narrative of soap operas frequently focus on women characters and are structured in a way tends to familiarize a woman? s point of view. In Latin America, Mexico and Brazil are the main countries that export their soap operas to other countries in the continent as well as to Europe and Asia. These programs also show an unrealistic scenery where the audience can identify with some characters and impose trends in which people will follow this type of identity and adapt it to their own necessities. Another thing to mention is that some tv programs can be produced to the immigrant audience promoting some of their values in order to maintain them alive. Another example of global television, besides soap operas, are global news that in the last ten years had played a fundamental role in creating opinions and thoughts in the audience. The terrorist attacks of 9/11 made CNN, BBC, Reuters and other international broadcasters ? owed information in all over the world. This event marked the world because the message that was delivered in every place created a con? ct between cultures giving as a result the prejudgement of islamic people associating them as terrorists. According to Chris Barker argument in Television as a global space. Electronic media break the traditional bonds between geographic place and social identity since mass media provide us with increasing sources of identi? cation which are situated beyond the immediacy of speci? c places. For example, the way in which televi sion brings the outside world into the home rede? nes the boundaries between the private and the public onstitutive of identity in that young people negotiate through talk shared understandings about how to â€Å"go on† in their society as persons within social relationships. (1999, p. 119) The concept of the audience is a social construction, the idea of an audience is never merely an innocent description if the sum total of individuals. In the market the audience is considered the target consumer. â€Å"The most common conception of the audience within the media industries is as a conglomeration of potential and potentially overlapping markets†. Grossberg, 1998, p. 209). Media industries usually spend enormous amount of time and money in order to convince media consumers to buy a particular media product. As a result, media create stereotypes in which a global society ? ts and consumes. The media provides pictures of people, descriptions of different social groups an d of their social identities. This pictures are kept in our head and help us to identify where does the person belong to. Lawrence Grossberg points a de? nition of stereotypes; Stereotypes can de? ne some people? expectations of how, for example, women, or Hispanics, or other groups in the society are supposed to behave. In this sense, stereotypes are neither avoidable nor necessarily bad. In the modern world, the media are obviously a major source of such pictures In this sense, stereotyping is the process of distorting the portrayal of some social group in the media image. That media contribute to stereotypes (and even create stereotypes of groups) is assumed to be the result of systematic biases in the portrayals of social groups. (1998, p. 21) Stereotypes have a real and important consequence in the global cultures. They can affect the self-esteem of those being stereotyped, they can also determine by mistake the way some people think and behave, but the worst is that creates an arti? cial idea in society that will link that group with the stereotypes that can hardly get rid of. Although identities are created in the culture of an speci? c time and space in which a society lives, the new global culture has faced the identity crisis because of the power of the media in the people? lives. Media produces people? s identities of who they are and who others are. â€Å"There are many dimensions on which people have a sense of themselves, a sense of their own identity† (Grossberg, 1998. p. 206) In conclusion media can produce identities in a political, social, cultural, and economic way in order to ? t in the global economy and global culture that the new technologies have challenged a postmodern society. 2025 words References Barker, C (1997). Global Television, an Introduction. Malden, Massachussetts: Blackwell Publishers. Barker, C (1999). Television, Globalization and Cultural Identities. Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press. Giddens, A (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. Grossberg, L (1998). Media Making Mass Media in a Popular Culture. London: SAGE. Hebdige, D (1990). Fax to the Future, Marxism Today. January. Murdock, G (2007). Media in the Age of Marketization. Broadway, New Jersey: Hampton Press.